- What is oppression?
- History of Plunder
When one opens textbooks, Bastiat noted, one learns that humanity would be doomed to nothingness without the intervention of power:
"It suffices to open, almost at random, a book of philosophy, politics, or history to see how deeply rooted in our country is this idea, born of classical studies and the mother of Socialism, that humanity is an inert matter receiving from power life, organization, morality, and wealth; — or worse, that humanity itself tends towards its degradation and is only stopped on this slope by the mysterious hand of the Legislator." (The Law).
In other words, the cultural prejudice dominating Western philosophy as well as historiography is that we owe everything to power: freedom, health, education, security, and prosperity. Humanity is described as "inert matter" that takes shape thanks to the legislator.
But the reality of power is quite different according to Bastiat. Power is oppression. He writes:
Open the annals of humanity at random! Consult ancient or modern history, sacred or profane, and ask yourself where all these wars of race, class, nations, and families come from! You will always get this unvarying answer: From the thirst for power. (Parliamentary Incompatibilities)
It is the thirst for power that is at the root of all forms of oppression in history. In a letter to Mrs. Chevreux, dated June 23, 1850, Bastiat outlines the phases of oppression: "Times of struggle, over who will seize the State; and times of truce which will be the ephemeral reign of triumphant oppression, a harbinger of a new struggle." First, the conquest of power through war, then the establishment of a State that subsists by plundering the wealth of its citizens.
History is thus a struggle between two principles: freedom and oppression.
Freedom! That is, in the end, the harmonious principle. Oppression! That is the dissonant principle; the struggle of these two powers fills the annals of mankind. (Economic Harmonies, conclusion of the original edition).
What is oppression?
In a word, it is plunder. Bastiat outlines the primary forms of plunder emanating from the ruling elites: war, slavery, theocracy, and monopoly. Indeed, according to him: "There are only two ways to acquire the necessities for the preservation, embellishment, and improvement of life: PRODUCTION and PLUNDER." (The Physiology of Plunder)
What is the difference between production and plunder? Here is Bastiat's answer:
To produce, one must direct all one's faculties towards the domination of nature; for it is nature that must be fought, tamed, and enslaved. That is why iron converted into a plough is the emblem of production. To plunder, one must direct all one's faculties towards the domination of men; for it is they who must be fought, killed, or enslaved. That is why iron converted into a sword is the emblem of plunder. (Economic Harmonies, War).
In other words, production is a form of power over nature. Plunder is power over men. However, there are two forms of plunder: legal and illegal.
Illegal plunder is the theft or crime committed by one citizen against another. It is the action of the bandit or the swindler. However, the worst form of plunder is that which is accomplished by law: "There are people who think that plunder loses all its immorality provided it is legal. As for me, I cannot imagine a more aggravating circumstance." (What is Seen and What is Not Seen).
Bastiat tells us there are still two forms of legal plunder:
External plunder is called war, conquests, and colonies. Internal plunder is often referred to as taxes, positions, and monopolies. (Cobden and the League, Introduction).
In The Physiology of Plunder, he elaborates:
The true and equitable law of men is: Freely debated exchange of service for service. Plunder consists of banning, by force or deceit, the freedom of debate to receive a service without providing one in return. Plunder by force is exercised as follows: One waits for a man to produce something, then snatches it from him, weapon in hand. The Decalogue formally condemns it: Thou shalt not steal. When it happens from individual to individual, it is called theft and leads to prison; when it's from nation to nation, it is called conquest and leads to glory.
History of Plunder
Historically, ruling elites have always lived off plunder. Bastiat notes:
Force applied to plunder is the basis of human annals. To trace its history would be to reproduce almost entirely the history of all peoples: Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Goths, Franks, Huns, Turks, Arabs, Mongols, Tartars, not to mention the Spaniards in America, the English in India, the French in Africa, the Russians in Asia, etc. (Economic Sophisms, Conclusion of the first volume). Plunder, in its most brutal form, armed with torch and sword, fills the annals of human history. What are the names that summarize history? Cyrus, Sesostris, Alexander, Scipio, Caesar, Attila, Tamerlan, Muhammad, Pizarro, William the Conqueror; this is naive plunder through conquests. To it belong the laurels, monuments, statues, and triumphal arches. (Economic Harmonies, conclusion of the original edition). The history of the world is the history of how one group of people plundered others, often systematically, through war, slavery, and theocracy. Nowadays, it is the monopoly, that is, economic privileges distributed by the State to its clients.
A few days before he died in Rome in 1850, Bastiat confided to his friend Prosper Paillottet:
An important task for political economy is to write the history of Plunder. It is a long history in which, from the beginning, appear conquests, migrations of peoples, invasions, and all the disastrous excesses of force in conflict with justice. From all this, there are still living traces today, and it is a great difficulty for the solution of questions posed in our century. We will not arrive at this solution until we have clearly established what injustice is and how it has entrenched itself in our customs and laws. (P. Paillottet, Nine Days Near a Dying Man)
Quiz
Quiz1/5
phi1012.2
What is the source of oppression, according to Bastiat?